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Ziwerengero za nkhawa 2021

Nkhani

Tonsefe tinakhalapo ndi nkhawa nthawi ina, kaya titakumana ndi mayesero aakulu kapena kulankhula pagulu. Komabe, anthu ena amakhala ndi nkhawa kuposa ena. Kuda nkhawa kwakukulu nthawi zina kumayambitsidwa ndi vuto, makamaka, matenda amisala. Munkhaniyi tikambirana za zomwe zimayambitsa, zomwe zimayambitsa, kuchuluka, komanso mankhwala kwa iwo omwe akuthetsa nkhawa.

Kodi nkhawa ndi chiyani?

Nkhawa ndi mayankho a thupi kuda nkhawa komanso mantha. Komabe, [nkhawa] siyophweka chifukwa pali zovuta zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimakhudza anthu komanso momwe zimasokonezera moyo wawo, akutero Sanam Hafeez , Psy.D, neuropsychologist ku New York City komanso membala waukadaulo ku University University.

Pali unyinji wa nkhawa zomwe zimayambitsa nkhawa, nkhawa, komanso kupsinjika chifukwa chakucheza, thanzi, ntchito, kapena mantha enaake. Mitundu yamavuto amtundu wa nkhawa imaphatikizapo mantha amisala, nkhawa yayikulu, agoraphobia (kuopa malo omwe angayambitse nkhawa), phobia, matenda amisala, post-traumatic stress disorder , matenda osokoneza bongo , ndi kupatukana kwa nkhawa.

Kwa anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi nkhawa, chikhalidwe chawo chimakhudza kuthekera kwawo kugwira ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku. Kwa iwo omwe ali ndi nkhawa yanthawi zonse, zizindikilo zimatha kuphatikiza kusakhazikika, kumva mopumira, kutopa, kuvuta kuyang'ana, komanso kupsinjika kwa minofu. Matenda ambiri amvuto amachititsa anthu kukhala ndi mantha, omwe ndi nthawi zamantha zazikulu zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi chinthu kapena vuto lomwe limatha kufikira pachimake mphindi zochepa.

Kuda nkhawa kumakhudza anthu m'njira zosiyanasiyana, nthawi zambiri kutengera mtundu wa nkhawa, akuti Jill Stoddard , Ph.D, katswiri wama psychology ku San Diego. Akuti kupeŵa zomwe zimayambitsa nkhawa ndizodziwika bwino pamavuto onse amtendere.

Mwachitsanzo, anthu omwe ali ndi vuto lamantha amatha kusiya kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi kapena kugonana kuti apewe kuwonjezeka kwa zizindikilo zolimbitsa thupi; anthu omwe ali ndi agoraphobia amatha kupewa malo ogulitsira, kuchuluka kwa anthu, kuyendetsa galimoto, kapena kuyenda pandege-nthawi iliyonse yomwe atha kukhala ndi mantha ndipo sangathawe kapena kupeza thandizo, atero a Stoddard.

Matenda amisala wamba

Matenda amisala wamba kapena GAD ndiye matenda ofala kwambiri. Izi zimapezeka munthu atakhala ndi nkhawa, osakwiya pang'ono, masiku ambiri kwakanthawi kosachepera miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Izi ziyamba kukhudza chikhalidwe cha anthu, ntchito, komanso moyo wapanyumba. Malinga ndiNational Institute of Mental Health(NIMH), zizindikilo za GAD zitha kuphatikizira izi:

Kumva kukhala wopanda mpumulo kapena wam'mbali
Kumva kutopa nthawi zambiri
Zovuta kuyang'ana
Kukwiya
Kuda nkhawa kwambiri komwe kumakhala kovuta kuletsa
Zovuta ndi kugona

Kusokonezeka kwamantha

Mavuto amantha amadziwika ndi mantha osayembekezereka komanso obwereza bwereza. Anthu omwe ali ndi mantha amatha kuyesetsa kupewa zinthu kapena kuda nkhawa nthawi yayitali kuti kuopsa kwotsatira kungachitike liti. Zizindikiro za mantha zimaphatikizapo:

Kugunda kwa mtima kapena kuchuluka kwa kugunda kwa mtima
Thukuta kapena kuzizira
Kugwedezeka, kunjenjemera
Kupuma pang'ono
Mantha
Kumva kulephera kuwongolera

Matenda okhudzana ndi Phobia

Matenda okhudzana ndi Phobia ndi mantha kapena mantha pazinthu kapena zochitika zina. Ngakhale zina mwazinthuzi kapena izi zitha kukhala ndi chifukwa chochititsa mantha, mantha omwe munthuyo amakhala nawo sangafanane ndi chiwopsezo chenicheni. Pali zovuta zosiyanasiyana zokhudzana ndi phobia. Zina mwazofala ndizo:

Phobias enieni amachititsa munthu kukhala ndi mantha osamveka kapena opanda pake a chinthu kapena vuto linalake. Ma phobias ena wamba amaphatikizapo kuwuluka, kutalika, kapena akangaude. Zizindikiro za matendawa zimayamba ali mwana.
Matenda amisala, omwe kale amadziwika kuti social phobia, amakhala ndi nkhawa yayikulu yoweruzidwa kapena kukanidwa pamakhalidwe. Nthawi zambiri, anthu omwe ali ndi vuto lamavuto azikhalidwe amadziwa kuti kuda nkhawa kwawo sikwanzeru, komabe kumadzimva kuti alibe mphamvu m'malo ochezera.
Agoraphobia, munthu yemwe ali ndi agoraphobia amafunika kukhala ndi zizindikiro ziwiri kapena zingapo zotsatirazi: kuwopa mayendedwe apagulu, kuwopa malo otseguka kapena malo otsekedwa, kuyimirira pagulu la anthu, kapena kukhala panokha panyumba. Nthawi zovuta za agoraphobia, munthu amatha kubwerera kunyumba.

Palinso zovuta zina ziwiri zomwe zimakhala ndi nkhawa ngati chimodzi mwazizindikiro zazikulu koma sizimadziwika kuti ndi matenda a DSM-5. Zikuphatikizapo:

Matenda osokoneza bongo

Matenda osokoneza bongo kapena OCD ndi matenda omwe anthu amakhala nawo mobwerezabwereza, malingaliro osafunikira, malingaliro, kapena zotengeka (kutengeka) kapena chidwi chochita mobwerezabwereza (zokakamiza). Anthu ena amakhala ndi zovuta komanso zokakamiza. Zitsanzo zamakhalidwe a OCD ndi awa:

Kuyang'ana zinthu mobwerezabwereza kuti muchepetse kuopa kudzipweteka. Zinthu izi zitha kuphatikizira zinthu monga maloko, uvuni, magetsi.
Kubwereza dzina, mawu, kapena machitidwe chifukwa munthuyo akuwopa choipa chomwe chingachitike ngati sanamalize.
Kuyeretsa kumatha kuchitika chifukwa pali kuwopa kuipitsidwa ndi zinthu monga dothi ndi majeremusi.
Kulamula ndi kukonza zinthu m'njira yofananira kapena dongosolo linalake kuti muchepetse kusapeza bwino.
Malingaliro olowerera kapena zikhumbo nthawi zambiri zimatha kuchitika zomwe zimayambitsa nkhawa.

Post-traumatic stress disorder

Post-traumatic stress disorder kapena PTSD zimachitika munthu akavutika kuchira pambuyo pa zoopsa. Zizindikiro zimatha kuchitika miyezi ingapo kapena kupitilira zomwezo. Pali zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana za PTSD, zomwe ndi monga:

Kukumbukira kosafunikira komanso kobwerezabwereza kapena zochitika zakumbuyo
Maloto olakwika okhudza mwambowu
Kupewa zinthu zokhudzana ndi zochitikazo: anthu, malo, kapena zochitika
Kusataya chiyembekezo cha mtsogolo

Kuda nkhawa vs. kukhumudwa

Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti pali kusiyana pakati pa kuda nkhawa ndi kukhumudwa. Mwanjira yayikulu, kuda nkhawa ndikumva kuda nkhawa kwambiri, pomwe kukhumudwa ndikumverera kopanda chiyembekezo komanso wopanda pake. Ndizotheka kuti wina azikhala ndi nkhawa komanso kukhumudwa nthawi imodzi.

Kodi nkhawa ndizofala motani?

Pakafukufuku wa 2020, 62% ya omwe anafunsidwa akuti anali ndi nkhawa zina. (Osakwatira, 2020)
Akuti 31% mwa achikulire onse adzadwala nkhawa nthawi ina m'moyo wawo. (Nkhawa ndi Kukhumudwa Association of America, 2020)
Anthu pafupifupi 19.1% ku America anali ndi vuto la nkhawa kuyambira 2001-2003. (Sukulu ya Zamankhwala ya Harvard, 2007)
Matenda oda nkhawa amapezeka kwambiri mwa akazi kuposa amuna ku United States komanso padziko lonse lapansi. (NIMH, 2017) (Dziko Lathu Lapansi(2018)
Ma phobias apadera ndi omwe amakhala ndi nkhawa kwambiri, omwe amakhudza akulu oposa 19 miliyoni ku US (ADAA, 2020)

Ziwerengero zapadziko lonse lapansi

Akuti anthu 264 miliyoni padziko lonse lapansi ali ndi nkhawa. (World Health Organisation, 2017)
Mwa achikulirewa, 179 miliyoni anali akazi (63%) ndipo 105 miliyoni anali amuna (37%). (Dziko Lathu Lapansi , 2018)
Kukula kwa zovuta zonse zamaganizidwe kudakwera ndi 50% padziko lonse lapansi kuchokera pa 416 miliyoni mpaka 615 miliyoni pakati pa 1990 ndi 2013. (Bungwe Loyanganira Thanzi Padziko Lonse la Pansi, 2016)

Ziwerengero za nkhawa ku United States

Ziwerengero zotsatirazi ndizokhudza achikulire ku US.:

Kuda nkhawa ndi matenda omwe amapezeka kwambiri ku US, okhudza akulu 40 miliyoni. (ADAA, 2020)
Kukula kwa matenda amisala kumayambira kotsika kwambiri ku Florida (16.03%) mpaka wapamwamba kwambiri (22.66%) ku Oregon. (Mental Health America, 2017)
Ambiri mwa achikulire omwe ali ndi nkhawa amakhala ndi vuto lochepa (43.5%), 33.7% ali ndi vuto lochepa, ndipo 22.8% ali ndi vuto lalikulu. (NIMH, 2017)
Pafupifupi theka (47%) ya omwe amafunsidwa amakhala ndi nkhawa pafupipafupi. (Osakwatira, 2020)
Akuluakulu 19 miliyoni amakhala ndi phobias, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azikhala ndi nkhawa kwambiri ku America. (ADAA , 2020 )
Akuluakulu 15 miliyoni amakhala ndi nkhawa. ( ADAA ,2020)
Akuluakulu 7.7 miliyoni ali ndi PTSD. (ADAA , 2020)
Akuluakulu 6.8 miliyoni awonjezera nkhawa. (ADAA , 2020 )
Akuluakulu 6 miliyoni ali ndi vuto lamantha. (ADAA , 2020 )

Ziwerengero za nkhawa ndi kugonana

Ziwerengero zotsatirazi ndizokhudza anthu aku US.

Matenda akuda nkhawa amapezeka kwambiri mwa akazi kuposa amuna. Kuda nkhawa kumakhudza 23% azimayi achikulire ndi 14% ya amuna akulu. (NIMH, 2017)
Kuda nkhawa kumafalikiranso pakati pa atsikana achichepere kuposa anyamata achichepere (azaka 13 mpaka 18). Kuyambira 2001-2004,38% ya atsikana achichepere anali ndi vuto la nkhawa poyerekeza ndi 26.1% ya anyamata achichepere. ( Zosungidwa za General Psychiatry, 2005)
Amayi amakhala ndi mwayi wowirikiza kawiri kuposa nkhawa amuna. (ADAA , 2020 )
Kukula kwa OCD mwa amayi ndi abambo ndikofanana, kukhudza akulu 2.2 miliyoni. (ADAA , 2020)

Ziwerengero za nkhawa ndi zaka

Ziwerengero zotsatirazi ndizokhudza anthu aku US.

Pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu (31.9%) a achinyamata (azaka 13-18) anali ndi vuto la nkhawa pakati pa 2001 ndi 2004. Mwa achinyamatawa, azaka zapakati pa 17 ndi 18 anali okhudzidwa kwambiri. ( Zolemba za General Psychiatry (2005)
Kuda nkhawa kwakukulu kunapezeka kuti kumakhudza anthu achikulire omwe ali ndi zaka 26 mpaka 49 poyerekeza ndi azaka 50 kapena kupitirira pamenepo. (SAMHSA(2014)
30- mpaka 44 azaka zakubadwa adakhudzidwa kwambiri ndimavuto azovuta kuyambira 2017 ndikutsatiridwa ndi 22.3% azaka zapakati pa 18- mpaka 29 ndi 20.6% azaka 45- mpaka 59. (NIMH, 2017)
Amuna azaka 60 kapena kupitilira apo anali ocheperako zaka za 2017. (NIMH, 2017)

Ziwerengero za nkhawa ndi magawo a maphunziro

Anthu aku America omwe ali ndi maphunziro apamwamba sangakhale ndi nkhawa. Kuda nkhawa kumakhudza akulu 3.9 miliyoni omwe sanapite kusukulu yasekondale, 3.3 miliyoni omwe adamaliza maphunziro awo kusekondale, 2.8 miliyoni ku koleji ina, ndi 3 miliyoni omwe adaphunzira ku koleji kapena kupitilira apo. (SAMHSA, 2016)
Kafukufuku wina waku Canada adapeza kuti pamlingo uliwonse wowonjezera wamaphunziro, anthu amakhala ndi mwayi wopeza 15% ya akatswiri amisala. ( Ndondomeko ya Zaumoyo (2007)
Kuda nkhawa ndikofunika kwambiri pantchito zopereka uphungu ku koleji. Mwa ophunzira aku koleji omwe amalandila upangiri, 41.6% amawoneka ndi nkhawa. (Association of University and College Counselling Center Oyang'anira(Chidwi, 2012)

Zomwe zimayambitsa nkhawa

Pali zovuta zosiyanasiyana zamankhwala zomwe zingayambitse nkhawa. Ena mwa iwo ndi awa:

Matenda a chithokomiro monga hyperthyroidism kapena hypothyroidism
Matenda a mtima
Matenda a shuga
Zotsatira zoyipa zamankhwala
Kusowa kwa mpweya kapena matenda opuma kuphatikizapo matenda osokoneza bongo (COPD), emphysema, kapena mphumu
Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena kusiya kumwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo
Matenda owopsa am'mimba (IBS)

ZOKHUDZA: Kodi nkhawa imayambitsa IBS?

Zowopsa paz nkhawa

Moyo ndi zochitika zachilengedwe zitha kuonjezera chiopsezo chokhala ndi nkhawa. Zitha kuphatikiza:

Kuchuluka kwa nkhawa , yomwe akhoza kuchokera kumagwero osiyanasiyana. Zitha kukhala chifukwa cha matenda, kusowa tulo, kapena zochitika pamoyo monga ntchito, sukulu, mavuto azachuma, zovuta zaubwenzi, kapena imfa ya wokondedwa. Mu Kafukufuku wa nkhawa wa SingleCare wa 2020 , pafupifupi theka (48%) la omwe adafufuza kafukufuku adanena kuti kupsinjika mtima kunyumba ndi komwe kumawachititsa nkhawa. Wina 30% anena kuti kupsinjika pantchito kunayambitsa nkhawa.
Ana ndi akulu akukumana nazo zochitika zoopsa ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu chotenga matenda amisala.
Kudziyang'anira pansi , makamaka kwa achinyamata , ikhoza kuwonetsa nkhawa.
Chibadwa pezani chinthu, inunso. Phunziro limodzi wapezeka kuti ali ndi chiopsezo chabwinobwino cha nkhawa ndi kuchepa kwa 30%.
Matenda akulu okhumudwa ndi zovuta zina zamaganizidwe Nthawi zambiri zimachitika ndi nkhawa.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena mowa, kumatha kuwonjezera kapena kukulitsa nkhawa.

Kuthetsa nkhawa

Matenda a nkhawa amachiritsidwa kwambiri, komabe ndi 36.9% yokha mwa omwe akuvutika amalandila chithandizo, atero Dr. Hafeez. Pali njira zitatu zofunika kuthana ndi nkhawa.

Chithandizo

Therapy, yomwe nthawi zina imadziwika kuti psychotherapy kapena upangiri, imatha kubwera m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Zitha kukhala zapayokha kapena zamagulu ndipo zitha kuperekedwa pa intaneti, pafoni, kapena pamasom'pamaso.

Njira imodzi yabwino kwambiri yothandizira nkhawa ndi kuzindikira zamankhwala (CBT). Izi zimathandiza odwala kumvetsetsa malingaliro ndi malingaliro omwe amakhudza machitidwe, akufotokoza Dr. Hafeez.

CBT imatenga pafupifupi masabata 12 mpaka 16. Wodwalayo aphunzira maluso omwe angathandize kuthana ndi nkhawa ngati azigwiritsidwa ntchito mosalekeza.

Mankhwala

Mankhwala ndi njira ina yothandizira kuthetsa nkhawa. Nthawi zambiri wodwalayo amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndi chithandizo palimodzi pochiza. Pali mitundu inayi yayikulu ya mankhwala omwe othandizira azaumoyo angakupatseni kuti athetse nkhawa.

Kusankha serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) : Mankhwalawa, monga Zoloft , kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa serotonin muubongo, zomwe zingathandize kusintha malingaliro.
Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) : Mankhwalawa, monga kachirombo , kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa serotonin ndi norepinephrine muubongo.
Benzodiazepines : Mankhwalawa, monga diazepam , chitani zisonyezo zakuthupi pochepetsa nkhawa ndikulimbikitsa kupumula. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pakanthawi kochepa pakusamalira nkhawa.
Tricyclic antidepressants:Mankhwalawa, kuphatikizapo kutchfuneralhome , amathandizira kuthana ndi mawonekedwe azizindikiro zakuthupi. Komabe, ali ndi zovuta zina zoyipa.

Mankhwala othandizira (CAM)

CAM ndi mankhwala omwe nthawi zambiri samawoneka ngati gawo la mankhwala wamba, komabe akhala anapeza zothandiza pochepetsa zovuta zina. Awa ndi mankhwala omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito limodzi ndi mankhwala ndi mankhwala. CAM ikuphatikizapo:

Kutema mphini
Kusinkhasinkha
Kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi (makamaka yoga)
Njira zopumulira
Kusintha zakudya pochepetsa kudya kwa shuga, mowa, ndi caffeine.

Chithandizo cha nkhawa komanso kudzipha

Kudzipha ndikoyambitsa 10 yakufa kwambiri ku US, malinga ndi American Foundation Yopewa Kudzipha . Mu 2017, anthu aku America okwana 47,173 adadzipha, ndipo akuti amayeserera kudzipha okwana 1.4 miliyoni. Chiyanjano pakati pa nkhawa ndi kudzipha chakhala chikuwerengedwa kwazaka zambiri, koma zotsatira zake zikuwoneka ngati zosakwanira. Phunziro limodzi akuwonetsa kuti zovuta zamatenda ndizofunikira koma ndizochepa zofananira za malingaliro ofuna kudzipha komanso zoyesayesa. Wina adapeza kuti vuto la mantha ndi PTSD zimayenderana kwambiri ndi kuyesa kudzipha. Mosasamala kanthu za ubale wake, aliyense amene akufuna thandizo atha kuyimba foni yothandizira kudzipha ku 1-800-273-8255 kapena kupeza zofunikira pa Tsamba la ADAA .

Mafunso ndi mayankho kuda nkhawa

Ndi magawo angati padziko lapansi omwe ali ndi nkhawa?

Mu 2012, 7.3% ya anthu padziko lapansi anali ndi vuto la nkhawa, malinga ndi kuwunika mwatsatanetsatane kofalitsidwa m'nyuzipepalayo Mankhwala Amisala . Pulogalamu ya Bungwe Loyanganira Thanzi Padziko Lonse la Pansi imathandizanso chiwerengerochi, chifukwa akuti m'modzi mwa anthu 13 ali ndi nkhawa.

Ndi mafuko ati kapena mtundu uti womwe umakonda kukhala ndi nkhawa?

Matenda a nkhawa apezeka kuti amapezeka kwambiri mu Miyambo ya Euro / Anglo , kenako Ibero / Latin zikhalidwe, kenako North Africa ndi Middle East zikhalidwe.

Ndi anthu angati omwe ali ndi nkhawa ku US?

Nkhawa ndi vuto lofala kwambiri m'maganizo, lomwe limakhudza akulu 40 miliyoni ku US, malinga ndi ADAA .

Ndani amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi nkhawa?

Akazi ali zowonjezereka kukhudzidwa ndi nkhawa kuposa amuna. M'mavuto ena, monga kuda nkhawa, azimayi ali kawiri kuthekera kukhala nawo ngati amuna.

Kodi nkhawa imakhudza zaka zingati?

Gulu lazaka lomwe limakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi nkhawa ndi ochokera Azaka 30 mpaka 44 .

Ndi ophunzira angati omwe ali ndi nkhawa?

Mwa ophunzira omwe amalandila upangiri, 41.6% amawoneka kuti azisamalira nkhawa.

Nchifukwa chiyani nkhawa ili ponseponse masiku ano?

Palibe yankho limodzi loti chifukwa chiyani nkhawa ndizofala tsopano. Zitha kukhala chifukwa chakuchepa kwa manyazi zovuta zokhudzana ndi thanzi lam'mutu, kugona mokwanira kapena zizolowezi zakudya, kapena ngakhale kuchuluka kwapa media gwiritsani ntchito kuyika zovuta zamatenda.