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Ziwerengero za ADHD 2021

Nkhani

Mwana wosakhazikika, wosachedwa kusokonekera ndi wofala kuposa ayi, makamaka pazaka za sukulu. Komabe, pamene izi zimasokoneza ntchito yake yakusukulu ndikupangitsa kuti azilangizidwa pafupipafupi, makolo amatha kudzifunsa ngati pali zambiri pamakhalidwewa kuposa ana omwe amangokhala ana. Matenda a chidwi cha kuchepa kwa chidwi (ADHD) ndi amodzi mwamatenda omwe amafala kwambiri pakati pa ana ku US, mothandizidwa ndi ziwerengero za ADHD patsamba lathu pansipa. Mwamwayi, pali mankhwala angapo komanso mitundu yamankhwala othandizira kuthandiza ana ndi akulu omwe ali ndi ADHD.

ZOKHUDZA: Kodi mwana wanu sakudziwika bwinobwino ndi ADHD?

Kodi ADHD ndi chiyani?

Matenda a chidwi cha kuchepa kwa chidwi (ADHD) ndimatenda wamba omwe amadziwika ndi Kukula kosasamala komanso / kapena kusakhazikika-chidwi zomwe zimasokoneza magwiridwe antchito kapena chitukuko. Makhalidwe, kapena zizindikilo, za ADHD zimaphatikizapo kusasamala kwakanthawi, kusakhazikika, komanso kusakhazikika. Ambiri amapezeka kuti ali ndi ADHD ali ana, monga zizindikilo zimadziwika pakukula msanga ndi ntchito zamaphunziro. Zizindikiro za ADHD zitha kupitilirabe kukulira msinkhu ndipo zimakhudza ubale wa munthu komanso magwiridwe antchito komanso magwiridwe antchito.

ADHD ndi matenda amitsempha, ngakhale vuto lenileni silinadziwike, akuti Gabriel Villarreal , LPC, mlangizi ku ADHD Counselling ku Roanoke Valley ku Virginia. Zomwe tikudziwa ndikuti zimachitika pomwe kukula kwa kotekisi kumatsalira kumbuyo kwa ubongo wonse.

Oyambirira kwambiri omwe titha kuzindikira kuti kusiyana kumeneku ndi zaka 3, akutero Villarreal. Komabe, [anthu omwe ali ndi ADHD] amakhalanso ndi vuto kapena samachita kupanga mankhwala amitsempha muubongo, makamaka dopamine ndi norepinephrine. Zoyambilira ndizoyang'anira, kuyendetsa, komanso kulimbikitsa. Wotsirizira, ali ndi udindo wopanga bata, ndizo zomwe zimapangitsa pang'ono kuti [izi zisachitike].

Kodi ADHD ndi yotani?

Kafukufuku wapadziko lonse lapansi awonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa ADHD ndikokwera m'maiko omwe amapeza ndalama zambiri. ( Kuchepa kwa chidwi cha ADHD ndi Matenda Osakhudzidwa, 2017)
Kukula kwa ADHD pakati pa ana pakati pa ana kukukwera ndi kuyerekezera kwaposachedwa kwa 11%. (National Institute of Mental Health, 2017)
Ana aku America aku 6.1 miliyoni azaka zapakati pa 2-17 azaka ziwiri adalandilapo matenda a ADHD, akuimira 9.4% am'badwo wonsewu m'dziko lonse la 2016. (Zolemba za Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology (2018)
Anyamata amakhala ndi mwayi wochulukirapo kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa atsikana omwe anapezeka ndi ADHD. ( Zolemba pa Clinical Child and Psychology (2018)
Kukula kwapadziko lonse kwa ADHD wamkulu akuti pafupifupi 2.5%. (Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2009)
Kukula kwa ADHD kwa nthawi yayitali kwa ADHD mwa akulu azaka zapakati pa 18 mpaka 44 azaka zakubadwa akuti ndi 8.1%, pomwe kufalikira pakadali pano kuli pafupifupi 4.4%. (National Institute of Mental Health, 2017)

Ziwerengero za ADHD mwa ana

Kuchuluka kwa ana omwe amapezeka ndi ADHD kumawonjezeka ndi zaka. Kafukufuku akuwonetsa 2.4% (388,000) ya ana azaka zapakati pa 2 mpaka 5, ndipo 9.6% (2.4 miliyoni) a ana azaka zapakati pa 6 mpaka 11 apezeka ndi ADHD.
Zaka zapakati pazidziwitso za ADHD yayikulu ndizaka 4.
Zaka zapakati pazidziwitso za ADHD zochepa ndi zaka 6.
Zaka zapakati pazidziwitso za ADHD wofatsa ndi zaka 7.

( Zolemba pa American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2014 & 2018)

Ziwerengero za ADHD muunyamata

Ziwerengero zotsatirazi zikuyimira kuchuluka kwa achinyamata omwe ali ndi ADHD pa msinkhu:

Mibadwo 13 mpaka 14: 8.8%
Zaka 15 mpaka 16: 8.6%
Zaka 17 mpaka 18: 9%
Mwa milandu yonse ya achinyamata a ADHD, 4.2% adawonetsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu. Zowonongeka zidakhazikitsidwa pamtundu wachinayi wa Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disways (DSM-IV).

( Zolemba pa American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2010)

Ziwerengero za ADHD mwa akulu

Kukula kwa ADHD pakati pa akuluakulu kunali 4.4% ku US kuyambira 2001-2003, malinga ndi Harvard Medical School. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa ADHD mwa akulu mwina sananene kuti 85% ya ana omwe ali ndi ADHD atha kukhala ndi matendawa atakula. Njira zodziwitsa anthu za ADHD zidapangidwa koyambirira kwa ana, chifukwa chake, kuzindikira kwa ADHD pakati pa akulu kumakula mwachangu kanayi kuposa kuyerekezera kwa ADHD pakati pa ana ku America ( JAMA Psychiatry, 2019) . Ziwerengero zotsatirazi zikuyimira kuchuluka kwa achikulire omwe ali ndi ADHD pagulu lililonse:

Mibadwo 18 mpaka 24: 4.5%
Zaka 25 mpaka 34: 3.8%
Mibadwo 35 mpaka 44: 4.6%

(Sukulu ya Zamankhwala ya Harvard, 2007)

Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti achinyamata ambiri omwe ali ndi ADHD nawonso adzakhala ndi ADHD akamakula, akutero Nekeshia Hammond , Psy.D, katswiri wama psychology ku Hammond Psychology and Associates ku Florida. Chofunika kwambiri kuti achinyamata achite ndikuphunzira kuthana ndi zizindikilo zawo za ADHD, zomwe zingakhudze zotsatira zawo zazikulu. Anecdotally, anthu ena achikulire adalongosola kuti ali ndi zovuta zochepa pakugwira ntchito chifukwa aphunzira zoyambitsa komanso njira zothanirana ndi zizindikiritso za ADHD.

Akuluakulu ena omwe kale anali ndi ADHD aphunzira kuthana ndi zizindikilo zawo ndipo samakwaniritsa zomwe ADHD adzakwaniritse m'moyo wawo. Sangakwaniritse 'zofunikira zonse' za ADHD (atha kukhala ndi zizindikilo zina, koma osakwanira kuti apeze matenda), a Dr. Hammond akutero. Kafukufuku wambiri akusonyeza kuti ADHD sikuti ' Chokani , ’Koma makamaka achikulire amafotokoza zizindikiro zochepa. Mwachitsanzo, zizindikiro zosakhudzidwa nthawi zambiri zimachepa ndi zaka. 11% yokha mwa achikulire omwe ali ndi ADHD amalandira chithandizo.

Kuphatikiza apo, achikulire ena atha kusazindikira chifukwa chake samathandizidwa chifukwa cha zovuta zamatenda amisala omwe amabisa zizindikiro za ADHD. Izi zikuphatikiza:

Matenda oda nkhawa: 47%
Matenda amisala: 38%
Limbikitsani: 20%
Matenda osokoneza bongo: 15%

(Primary Care Companion ku Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 2009)

ADHD mkalasi

Nthawi zina ana amatha kusokoneza kapena 'kutulutsa' mayankho nthawi zambiri, zomwe zimakhudzanso mayanjano ochezera, Dr. Hammond akufotokoza. Nthawi zina, achinyamata ena amatha kukhala ndi vuto lodziletsa, zomwe zimatha kukangana ndi ophunzira anzawo.

Akuti zokumana nazo zamwana aliyense ndizosiyana. Ana ena amalimbikira maphunziro chifukwa cha zovuta zazikulu kusamalidwa komanso / kapena kusakhudzidwa, pomwe ophunzira ena omwe aphunzira kuthana ndi zizindikiritso za ADHD sangasokonezeke pang'ono pamaphunziro, akutero.

Sukulu zitha kukhala ndi ana omwe ali ndi ADHD ndikusintha mkalasi, ateroDr. Hammond. Zitsanzo zina zakusinthidwa ndizophatikizira, koma sizimangokhala: kutenga nthawi yopumulira, malo okhala (monga kukhala pafupi ndi aphunzitsi), nthawi yayitali pamayeso, mafunso, ndi magawo, komanso kuyesa mayeso m'malo osiyana kuti muchepetse zosokoneza .

Kafukufuku wa 2014 National of the Diagnosis and Treatment of ADHD and Tourette Syndrome adazindikira kuti ophunzira ambiri omwe ali ndi ADHD (69.3%) amalandila sukulu imodzi kapena zingapo. Ndondomeko zamaphunziro aumwini (IEP) ndi magawo 504 mapulani ndi njira ziwiri zothandizira ophunzira omwe ali ndi maphunziro kapena zosowa zapadera ( Zolemba Za Kusokonezeka Kwa Chisamaliro , 2018).

Malinga ndi Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), ma IEP ndi mapulani 504 amapereka:

Nthawi yowonjezera pamayeso
Ntchito zogwirizana ndi mwanayo
Kulimbitsa kwabwino
Ntchito zothandizidwa ndiukadaulo
Zowonjezera zina
Zosintha mkalasi kuti muchepetse zosokoneza
Thandizo lowonjezera pakukonzekera

Kafukufuku wina adagwiritsa ntchito zomwe adafufuza ndikuwona kuti ana azaka 4 mpaka 17 omwe ali ndi ADHD alandila chimodzi mwazinthu izi:

31% adalandira chithandizo chobereka
39% idalandira maphunziro aukadaulo (monga chithandizo chamomwe mungachitire ndi ena)
30% idalandira thandizo la anzawo (monga kuphunzitsa anzawo)
20% adalandira chithandizo chazidziwitso

( Zolemba za Pediatrics, 2018)

Ziwerengero zamankhwala a ADHD

Othandiza kwambiri Chithandizo cha ADHD ndi kuphatikiza kwa mankhwala ndi chithandizo chamakhalidwe. Mankhwala olimbikitsa, monga Adderall ndi Ritalin, nthawi zambiri amapatsidwa koyamba. Ngati zolimbikitsa sizigwira ntchito, wothandizira zaumoyo atha kuyesa mankhwala osalimbikitsa monga Strattera. Mankhwalawa amakhudza dopamine ndi / kapena norepinephrine kuthandiza odwala kuti azisamalira komanso azimva kupupuluma.

Chidziwitso chamakhalidwe (CBT) ndi njira yotchuka yothandizira anthu, makamaka ana, omwe ali ndi ADHD. Katswiri wothandizira amatha kuphunzitsa ana momwe angafotokozere malingaliro awo ndi momwe akumvera popanda kusokoneza ena. Makolo ndi aphunzitsi amathanso kuzindikira kudzera mu CBT pophunzira momwe angabweretsere zabwino.

Pofika 2016, 77% ya ana omwe ali ndi ADHD azaka zapakati pa 2 mpaka 17 anali kulandira chithandizo chamtundu wina, ndipo pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu (32%) amalandila mankhwala ndi machitidwe amachitidwe.

62% amatenga mankhwala a ADHD, ambiri mwa iwo azaka 6 mpaka 11 zakubadwa.
30% amamwa mankhwala okha.
47% amalandila chithandizo, ambiri mwa iwo amakhala azaka zapakati pa 2 mpaka 5.
15% amalandira chithandizo chamakhalidwe okha.

( Zolemba pa Clinical Child and Psychology (2018)